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UK diy (uk.d-i-y) For the discussion of all topics related to diy (do-it-yourself) in the UK. All levels of experience and proficency are welcome to join in to ask questions or offer solutions. |
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Part P (again)
Hi,
I've been following the threads on here regarding Part P and its effects on DIY work on-and-off since late 2002, and I thought I now understood exactly what the situation was. But today on the Rospa site I see the following unqualified statement: quote Notification will not be required if – *.... *... * DIY work that follows the IEE guidance or that in the listed DIY manuals based on BS 7671 and IEE. /quote (http://www.rospa.org.uk/productsafet...electrical.htm, section 3.2.5 ) Is this correct? This would imply that one **can** do major works as long as 7671 is followed. Comments anyone ? p.s. As it is a topic that has been done over and over, an I propose Part P and electrical DIY as an addition to the FAQ? "coherers" |
#2
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On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 12:05:16 GMT, "coherers"
wrote: Hi, I've been following the threads on here regarding Part P and its effects on DIY work on-and-off since late 2002, and I thought I now understood exactly what the situation was. But today on the Rospa site I see the following unqualified statement: quote Notification will not be required if – *.... *... * DIY work that follows the IEE guidance or that in the listed DIY manuals based on BS 7671 and IEE. /quote (http://www.rospa.org.uk/productsafet...electrical.htm, section 3.2.5 ) Is this correct? This would imply that one **can** do major works as long as 7671 is followed. Comments anyone ? I don't think that this is correct. They seem to have confused standards for the work with what is and what isn't controlled. Have a look at http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/s...4/20041808.htm -- ..andy To email, substitute .nospam with .gl |
#3
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Andy Hall wrote:
On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 12:05:16 GMT, "coherers" wrote: quote Notification will not be required if ? *.... *... * DIY work that follows the IEE guidance or that in the listed DIY manuals based on BS 7671 and IEE. /quote (http://www.rospa.org.uk/productsafet...electrical.htm, section 3.2.5 ) Is this correct? This would imply that one **can** do major works as long as 7671 is followed. Comments anyone ? I don't think that this is correct. They seem to have confused standards for the work with what is and what isn't controlled. Have a look at http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/s...4/20041808.htm However it will be a wonderful resource to reference when someone asks why some work hasn't had building regs. approval! :-) -- Chris Green |
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"Andy Hall" wrote in message ... On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 12:05:16 GMT, "coherers" wrote: Hi, I've been following the threads on here regarding Part P and its effects on DIY work on-and-off since late 2002, and I thought I now understood exactly what the situation was. But today on the Rospa site I see the following unqualified statement: quote Notification will not be required if - *.... *... * DIY work that follows the IEE guidance or that in the listed DIY manuals based on BS 7671 and IEE. /quote (http://www.rospa.org.uk/productsafet...electrical.htm, section 3.2.5 ) Is this correct? This would imply that one **can** do major works as long as 7671 is followed. Comments anyone ? I don't think that this is correct. It is correct. That is what it says. They seem to have confused standards for the work with what is and what isn't controlled. Have a look at http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/s...4/20041808.htm And where does that negate the above? |
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Andy Hall wrote:
On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 12:05:16 GMT, "coherers" wrote: Hi, I've been following the threads on here regarding Part P and its effects on DIY work on-and-off since late 2002, and I thought I now understood exactly what the situation was. But today on the Rospa site I see the following unqualified statement: quote Notification will not be required if – *.... *... * DIY work that follows the IEE guidance or that in the listed DIY manuals based on BS 7671 and IEE. /quote (http://www.rospa.org.uk/productsafet...electrical.htm, section 3.2.5 ) Is this correct? This would imply that one **can** do major works as long as 7671 is followed. Comments anyone ? I don't think that this is correct. They seem to have confused standards for the work with what is and what isn't controlled. Have a look at http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/s...4/20041808.htm From the link you gave Andy: DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK WHERE NO BUILDING NOTICE OR DEPOSIT OF FULL PLANS REQUIRED Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and (c) consists of - (i) adding light fittings and switches to an existing circuit; (ii) adding socket outlets and fused spurs to an existing ring or radial circuit; or (iii) installing or upgrading main or supplementary equipotential bonding. I thought adding socket outlets and spurs was not allowed under the new regs, but this says otherwise. Except for a kitchen. Steve |
#7
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Andy Hall wrote:
On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 12:05:16 GMT, "coherers" wrote: Hi, I've been following the threads on here regarding Part P and its effects on DIY work on-and-off since late 2002, and I thought I now understood exactly what the situation was. But today on the Rospa site I see the following unqualified statement: quote Notification will not be required if – *.... *... * DIY work that follows the IEE guidance or that in the listed DIY manuals based on BS 7671 and IEE. /quote (http://www.rospa.org.uk/productsafet...electrical.htm, section 3.2.5 ) Is this correct? This would imply that one **can** do major works as long as 7671 is followed. Comments anyone ? I don't think that this is correct. They seem to have confused standards for the work with what is and what isn't controlled. Have a look at http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/s...4/20041808.htm From the link you gave Andy it states: DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK WHERE NO BUILDING NOTICE OR DEPOSIT OF FULL PLANS REQUIRED Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and (c) consists of - (i) adding light fittings and switches to an existing circuit; (ii) adding socket outlets and fused spurs to an existing ring or radial circuit; or (iii) installing or upgrading main or supplementary equipotential bonding. I thought adding new socket outlets and spurs was not allowed under the new regs, but this says otherwise. Except for a kitchen. Steve |
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On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 13:55:54 -0000, "IMM" wrote:
"Andy Hall" wrote in message .. . On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 12:05:16 GMT, "coherers" wrote: Hi, I've been following the threads on here regarding Part P and its effects on DIY work on-and-off since late 2002, and I thought I now understood exactly what the situation was. But today on the Rospa site I see the following unqualified statement: quote Notification will not be required if - *.... *... * DIY work that follows the IEE guidance or that in the listed DIY manuals based on BS 7671 and IEE. /quote (http://www.rospa.org.uk/productsafet...electrical.htm, section 3.2.5 ) Is this correct? This would imply that one **can** do major works as long as 7671 is followed. Comments anyone ? I don't think that this is correct. It is correct. That is what it says. Do you believe everything you read on web sites? They seem to have confused standards for the work with what is and what isn't controlled. Have a look at http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/s...4/20041808.htm And where does that negate the above? Look at Part P of Schedule 1 and Schedule 2B near the bottom. The Schedule 1 piece gives the scope of where electrical work is controlled. This is in a dwelling and buildings associated with or supplied from it. Schedule 2B lists exemptions. DIY work following BS7671 is not exempted. I've emailed ROSPA and asked them to check their information. -- ..andy To email, substitute .nospam with .gl |
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"Steve Jones" wrote in message ... Andy Hall wrote: On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 12:05:16 GMT, "coherers" wrote: Hi, I've been following the threads on here regarding Part P and its effects on DIY work on-and-off since late 2002, and I thought I now understood exactly what the situation was. But today on the Rospa site I see the following unqualified statement: quote Notification will not be required if – *.... *... * DIY work that follows the IEE guidance or that in the listed DIY manuals based on BS 7671 and IEE. /quote (http://www.rospa.org.uk/productsafet...electrical.htm, section 3.2.5 ) Is this correct? This would imply that one **can** do major works as long as 7671 is followed. Comments anyone ? I don't think that this is correct. They seem to have confused standards for the work with what is and what isn't controlled. Have a look at http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/s...4/20041808.htm From the link you gave Andy: DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK WHERE NO BUILDING NOTICE OR DEPOSIT OF FULL PLANS REQUIRED Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, "special location"? What is that? (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and So the above two say any work as long as it is not in a kitchen or a "special installation" (whatever that is) (c) consists of - (i) adding light fittings and switches to an existing circuit; (ii) adding socket outlets and fused spurs to an existing ring or radial circuit; or So if you leave 1 foot od each of the two wores comming for the 30 amp fuse from the CU you can do anything. The circuit is existing and sockets and fused spurs added. (iii) installing or upgrading main or supplementary equipotential bonding. I thought adding socket outlets and spurs was not allowed under the new regs, but this says otherwise. Except for a kitchen. Yep. You are right. So anything goes as long as it is not in a kitchen or "special location", whatever that is. I can see why they homed in on kitchen. This is to prevent cowboy kitchen fitters slapping cables all around the place. That MPs daughter who died probably prompted this. |
#10
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On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 14:19:02 +0000, Steve Jones
wrote: From the link you gave Andy: DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK WHERE NO BUILDING NOTICE OR DEPOSIT OF FULL PLANS REQUIRED Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and (c) consists of - (i) adding light fittings and switches to an existing circuit; (ii) adding socket outlets and fused spurs to an existing ring or radial circuit; or (iii) installing or upgrading main or supplementary equipotential bonding. I thought adding socket outlets and spurs was not allowed under the new regs, but this says otherwise. Except for a kitchen. You can because they are considered to be a minor work. Whether or not this makes any sense is another issue. As far as I am concerned, If somebody is competent (or not) to add a spur or socket then I see no real reason why they can't add a circuit from the competence perspective. It's just as easy to get into trouble installing a spur as it is a circuit. For example, cable of inadequate size could be used, or people could add a spur to the end of a spur from a ring circuit. Exempting equipotential bonding is curious as well. It's an imprtant safety mechanism and should also be tested. The exemptions seem much more arbitrary than considered, especially when there isn't a problem to address in the first place. -- ..andy To email, substitute .nospam with .gl |
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On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 14:34:45 -0000, "IMM" wrote:
"Steve Jones" wrote in message From the link you gave Andy: DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK WHERE NO BUILDING NOTICE OR DEPOSIT OF FULL PLANS REQUIRED Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, "special location"? What is that? From the SI: "special location" means a location within the limits of the relevant zones specified for a bath, a shower, a swimming or paddling pool or a hot air sauna in the Wiring Regulations, sixteenth edition, published by the Institution of Electrical Engineers and the British Standards Institution as BS 7671: 2001 and incorporating amendments 1 and 2.". (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and So the above two say any work as long as it is not in a kitchen or a "special installation" (whatever that is) No they don't. The word "and" is important here. For exemption, conditions (a), (b) *and* (c) must apply. (c) consists of - (i) adding light fittings and switches to an existing circuit; (ii) adding socket outlets and fused spurs to an existing ring or radial circuit; or So if you leave 1 foot od each of the two wores comming for the 30 amp fuse from the CU you can do anything. The circuit is existing and sockets and fused spurs added. This would appear to meet the letter of the legislation. We had a thread a while back where somebody suggested putting looped circuits into a CU for this reason. It is one more reason why the whole thing, like most of this kind of legislation, is a nonsense. (iii) installing or upgrading main or supplementary equipotential bonding. I thought adding socket outlets and spurs was not allowed under the new regs, but this says otherwise. Except for a kitchen. Yep. You are right. So anything goes as long as it is not in a kitchen or "special location", whatever that is. I can see why they homed in on kitchen. This is to prevent cowboy kitchen fitters slapping cables all around the place. That MPs daughter who died probably prompted this. Entirely possible but completely flawed. -- ..andy To email, substitute .nospam with .gl |
#12
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Well this is good news, Part P doesn't seem so restrictive after all. I
was under the impression that changing cracked socket/light/ceiling fittings was about all you could do. The exemptions seem much more arbitrary than considered, especially when there isn't a problem to address in the first place. Should we have expected anything else! Steve |
#13
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"Andy Hall" wrote in message ... Look at Part P of Schedule 1 and Schedule 2B near the bottom. The Schedule 1 piece gives the scope of where electrical work is controlled. This is in a dwelling and buildings associated with or supplied from it. Schedule 2B lists exemptions. DIY work following BS7671 is not exempted. " SCHEDULE 2B Regulation 12(5) DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK WHERE NO BUILDING NOTICE OR DEPOSIT OF FULL PLANS REQUIRED 1. Work consisting of - (a) replacing any socket-outlet, control switch or ceiling rose; [does not say that you cannot touch the ring main] (b) replacing a damaged cable for a single circuit only; [so you can replace the ring main or a radial circuit] (c) re-fixing or replacing enclosures of existing installation components, where the circuit protective measures are unaffected; (d) providing mechanical protection to an existing fixed installation, where the circuit protective measures and current carrying capacity of conductors are unaffected by the increased thermal insulation. 2. Work which - Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and [So the above two say any work as long as it is not in a kitchen or a "special installation"] (c) consists of - (i) adding light fittings and switches to an existing circuit; (ii) adding socket outlets and fused spurs to an existing ring or radial circuit; or [So if you leave 1 foot od each of the two wores comming for the 30 amp fuse from the CU you can do anything. The circuit is existing and sockets and fused spurs added.] (iii) installing or upgrading main or supplementary equipotential bonding. 3. In paragraph 2 - "special installation" means: - an electric floor - ceiling heating system, - garden lighting - electric power installation, [what does this mean?] - an electricity generator - an extra-low voltage lighting system which is not a pre-assembled lighting set bearing the CE marking referred to in regulation 9 of the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1994[8]; [what is "extra low voltage"? So this appears to mean you can install 12v downlighters and run the cables] "special location" means a location within the limits of the relevant zones specified for a bath, a shower, a swimming or paddling pool or a hot air sauna in the Wiring Regulations, sixteenth edition, published by the Institution of Electrical Engineers and the British Standards Institution as BS 7671: 2001 and incorporating amendments 1 and 2.". [so can't fix electrical equipment "near" a bath, shower, pools& sauna.] |
#14
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"Andy Hall" wrote in message ... On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 14:19:02 +0000, Steve Jones wrote: From the link you gave Andy: DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK WHERE NO BUILDING NOTICE OR DEPOSIT OF FULL PLANS REQUIRED Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and (c) consists of - (i) adding light fittings and switches to an existing circuit; (ii) adding socket outlets and fused spurs to an existing ring or radial circuit; or (iii) installing or upgrading main or supplementary equipotential bonding. I thought adding socket outlets and spurs was not allowed under the new regs, but this says otherwise. Except for a kitchen. You can because they are considered to be a minor work. Whether or not this makes any sense is another issue. As far as I am concerned, If somebody is competent (or not) to add a spur or socket then I see no real reason why they can't add a circuit from the competence perspective. It's just as easy to get into trouble installing a spur as it is a circuit. For example, cable of inadequate size could be used, or people could add a spur to the end of a spur from a ring circuit. Exempting equipotential bonding is curious as well. It's an imprtant safety mechanism and should also be tested. This does not have to be connected to the electrical system. The exemptions seem much more arbitrary than considered, especially when there isn't a problem to address in the first place. -- .andy To email, substitute .nospam with .gl |
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On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 14:58:56 -0000, "IMM" wrote:
"Andy Hall" wrote in message .. . Look at Part P of Schedule 1 and Schedule 2B near the bottom. The Schedule 1 piece gives the scope of where electrical work is controlled. This is in a dwelling and buildings associated with or supplied from it. Schedule 2B lists exemptions. DIY work following BS7671 is not exempted. " SCHEDULE 2B Regulation 12(5) DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK WHERE NO BUILDING NOTICE OR DEPOSIT OF FULL PLANS REQUIRED 1. Work consisting of - (a) replacing any socket-outlet, control switch or ceiling rose; [does not say that you cannot touch the ring main] You are looking at it the wrong way round. These are *exemptions*. Other works are controlled. (b) replacing a damaged cable for a single circuit only; [so you can replace the ring main or a radial circuit] No. (c) re-fixing or replacing enclosures of existing installation components, where the circuit protective measures are unaffected; (d) providing mechanical protection to an existing fixed installation, where the circuit protective measures and current carrying capacity of conductors are unaffected by the increased thermal insulation. 2. Work which - Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and [So the above two say any work as long as it is not in a kitchen or a "special installation"] No. You haven't read it correctly. The *and* at the end of (b) means that conditions (a) (b) *and* (c) have to apply. (c) consists of - (i) adding light fittings and switches to an existing circuit; (ii) adding socket outlets and fused spurs to an existing ring or radial circuit; or [So if you leave 1 foot od each of the two wores comming for the 30 amp fuse from the CU you can do anything. The circuit is existing and sockets and fused spurs added.] The legislation would appear to leave that loophole. (iii) installing or upgrading main or supplementary equipotential bonding. 3. In paragraph 2 - "special installation" means: - an electric floor - ceiling heating system, - garden lighting - electric power installation, [what does this mean?] It isn;t a bulletted list "special installation" means an electric floor or ceiling heating system, a garden lighting or electric power installation, an electricity generator, or an extra-low voltage lighting system which is not a pre-assembled lighting set bearing the CE marking referred to in regulation 9 of the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1994[8] - an electricity generator - an extra-low voltage lighting system which is not a pre-assembled lighting set bearing the CE marking referred to in regulation 9 of the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1994[8]; [what is "extra low voltage"? So this appears to mean you can install 12v downlighters and run the cables] Less than 50v AC or 120v DC "special location" means a location within the limits of the relevant zones specified for a bath, a shower, a swimming or paddling pool or a hot air sauna in the Wiring Regulations, sixteenth edition, published by the Institution of Electrical Engineers and the British Standards Institution as BS 7671: 2001 and incorporating amendments 1 and 2.". [so can't fix electrical equipment "near" a bath, shower, pools& sauna.] -- ..andy To email, substitute .nospam with .gl |
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On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 14:52:43 +0000, Steve Jones
wrote: Well this is good news, Part P doesn't seem so restrictive after all. I was under the impression that changing cracked socket/light/ceiling fittings was about all you could do. The exemptions seem much more arbitrary than considered, especially when there isn't a problem to address in the first place. Should we have expected anything else! It;s better, but not usefully better. If you're an idiot you can still get into trouble and if you are competent, it's stupidly restrictive. Now where was my hunting horn? -- ..andy To email, substitute .nospam with .gl |
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On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 15:00:15 -0000, "IMM" wrote:
"Andy Hall" wrote in message .. . On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 14:19:02 +0000, Steve Jones wrote: Exempting equipotential bonding is curious as well. It's an imprtant safety mechanism and should also be tested. This does not have to be connected to the electrical system. It is part of the electrical system in that if absent there is an increased risk of shock and other issues. Just because something is not normally current carrying doesn't mean that it's unimportant. -- ..andy To email, substitute .nospam with .gl |
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"Andy Hall" wrote in message
... On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 12:05:16 GMT, "coherers" wrote: quote Notification will not be required if - *.... *... * DIY work that follows the IEE guidance or that in the listed DIY manuals based on BS 7671 and IEE. /quote (http://www.rospa.org.uk/productsafet...electrical.htm, section 3.2.5 ) I don't think that this is correct. They seem to have confused standards for the work with what is and what isn't controlled. Have a look at http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/s...4/20041808.htm .andy Thanks Andy. Having taken a look at this, Part P and other postings, I am now sure it is wrong. Further, it now seems clear to me that **all** domestic electrical works are covered by Building Regs. The exemptions appear to be about notification, not about whether it is covered by the Regs or not. The title of Schedule 2B is "DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK WHERE NO BUILDING NOTICE OR DEPOSIT OF FULL PLANS REQUIRED" The only exempt works are described in the "Limits of Application" column of amendments to Schedule 1 - i.e.: quote The requirements of this Part apply only to electrical installations that are intended to operate at low or extra-low voltage and are - (a) in a dwelling; (b) in the common parts of a building serving one or more dwellings, but excluding power supplies to lifts; (c) in a building that receives its electricity from a source located within or shared with a dwelling; and (d) in a garden or in or on land associated with a building where the electricity is from a source located within or shared with a dwelling. /quote Everything else is covered by the regs, but not all works require notification. The Part P Approved Document seems to take that view. From section 0.8 quote When the non-notifiable work described in Table 1 [i.e Schedule 2B] is to be undertaken by a DIY worker, a way of showing compliance would be to follow the IEE guidance or guidance in other authoritative manuals that are based on this, and to have a competent person inspect and test the work and supply a Minor Electrical Installation Works Certificate. The competent person need not necessarily be registered with an electrical self-certification scheme but, as required by BS 7671, must be competent in respect of the inspection and testing of an installation /quote Note the use of the word "compliance". The regs apply even for minor DIY.So if we don't want to get a certified "professional" to check our stuff, we will have to do ourselves certificates ! "coherers" |
#19
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"Andy Hall" wrote in message
... On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 14:34:45 -0000, "IMM" wrote: "Steve Jones" wrote in message From the link you gave Andy: DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK WHERE NO BUILDING NOTICE OR DEPOSIT OF FULL PLANS REQUIRED Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, "special location"? What is that? From the SI: "special location" means a location within the limits of the relevant zones specified for a bath, a shower, a swimming or paddling pool or a hot air sauna in the Wiring Regulations, sixteenth edition, published by the Institution of Electrical Engineers and the British Standards Institution as BS 7671: 2001 and incorporating amendments 1 and 2.". (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and So the above two say any work as long as it is not in a kitchen or a "special installation" (whatever that is) No they don't. The word "and" is important here. For exemption, conditions (a), (b) *and* (c) must apply. (c) consists of - (i) adding light fittings and switches to an existing circuit; (ii) adding socket outlets and fused spurs to an existing ring or radial circuit; or So if you leave 1 foot od each of the two wores comming for the 30 amp fuse from the CU you can do anything. The circuit is existing and sockets and fused spurs added. This would appear to meet the letter of the legislation. We had a thread a while back where somebody suggested putting looped circuits into a CU for this reason. You could fill all the spare breaker slots on the CU and have two 1 metre lengths going onto one socket near the CU. then that is a "circuit". You can totally replace an existing ring main if it is defective. So you can redirect an existing ring main right back to the CU breaker as it was "defective". It is one more reason why the whole thing, like most of this kind of legislation, is a nonsense. (iii) installing or upgrading main or supplementary equipotential bonding. I thought adding socket outlets and spurs was not allowed under the new regs, but this says otherwise. Except for a kitchen. Yep. You are right. So anything goes as long as it is not in a kitchen or "special location", whatever that is. I can see why they homed in on kitchen. This is to prevent cowboy kitchen fitters slapping cables all around the place. That MPs daughter who died probably prompted this. Entirely possible but completely flawed. Now where are the regs that say a replacement cylinder needs the BCO involved? |
#20
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"Andy Hall" wrote in message ... On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 14:58:56 -0000, "IMM" wrote: "Andy Hall" wrote in message .. . Look at Part P of Schedule 1 and Schedule 2B near the bottom. The Schedule 1 piece gives the scope of where electrical work is controlled. This is in a dwelling and buildings associated with or supplied from it. Schedule 2B lists exemptions. DIY work following BS7671 is not exempted. " SCHEDULE 2B Regulation 12(5) DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK WHERE NO BUILDING NOTICE OR DEPOSIT OF FULL PLANS REQUIRED 1. Work consisting of - (a) replacing any socket-outlet, control switch or ceiling rose; [does not say that you cannot touch the ring main] You are looking at it the wrong way round. These are *exemptions*. You are not exempted from touching the ring main as you can "replacing any socket-outlet, control switch or ceiling rose;". To do this may entail working on the ring main. Simple. Obvious. Other works are controlled. (b) replacing a damaged cable for a single circuit only; [so you can replace the ring main or a radial circuit] No. Yes! You are exempted if the cable is damaged and needs replacing. hat may mean the whole ring main. Simple. Obvious. (c) re-fixing or replacing enclosures of existing installation components, where the circuit protective measures are unaffected; (d) providing mechanical protection to an existing fixed installation, where the circuit protective measures and current carrying capacity of conductors are unaffected by the increased thermal insulation. 2. Work which - Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and [So the above two say any work as long as it is not in a kitchen or a "special installation"] No. You haven't read it correctly. The *and* at the end of (b) means that conditions (a) (b) *and* (c) have to apply. No "and" at the end of (a), so (a) not joined with (b) and (c). (c) consists of - (i) adding light fittings and switches to an existing circuit; (ii) adding socket outlets and fused spurs to an existing ring or radial circuit; or [So if you leave 1 foot of each of the two wires comming for the 30 amp fuse from the CU you can do anything. The circuit is existing and sockets and fused spurs added.] The legislation would appear to leave that loophole. (iii) installing or upgrading main or supplementary equipotential bonding. 3. In paragraph 2 - "special installation" means: - an electric floor - ceiling heating system, - garden lighting - electric power installation, [what does this mean?] It isn;t a bulletted list I streched out the commas. "special installation" means an electric floor or ceiling heating system, a garden lighting So you can't plug in a low voltage garden light set to a socket on the outside of the house? Me thinks not. or electric power installation, an electricity generator, or an extra-low voltage lighting system which is not a pre-assembled lighting set bearing the CE marking referred to in regulation 9 of the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1994[8] - an electricity generator - an extra-low voltage lighting system which is not a pre-assembled lighting set bearing the CE marking referred to in regulation 9 of the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1994[8]; [what is "extra low voltage"? So this appears to mean you can install 12v downlighters and run the cables] Less than 50v AC or 120v DC So, you can't fit 12v downlighters. So, that is why Homebase do not sell 12v lights anymore. "special location" means a location within the limits of the relevant zones specified for a bath, a shower, a swimming or paddling pool or a hot air sauna in the Wiring Regulations, sixteenth edition, published by the Institution of Electrical Engineers and the British Standards Institution as BS 7671: 2001 and incorporating amendments 1 and 2.". [so can't fix electrical equipment "near" a bath, shower, pools& sauna.] |
#21
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(ii) adding socket outlets and fused spurs to an existing ring or radial circuit; or Yet another reason to standardise on 20 amp MCB, 2.5sq mmm radial circuits, you can expand them as much as you like without requiring building regs approval. Although reading that it would appear to effectively include any modification of a ring too, it depends on one's interpretation. -- Chris Green |
#22
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wrote in message ... (ii) adding socket outlets and fused spurs to an existing ring or radial circuit; or Yet another reason to standardise on 20 amp MCB, 2.5sq mmm radial circuits, you can expand them as much as you like without requiring building regs approval. Although reading that it would appear to effectively include any modification of a ring too, it depends on one's interpretation. It says clearly "ring", so a ring is exempt. |
#23
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"IMM" wrote in message ... "Andy Hall" wrote in message ... On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 14:58:56 -0000, "IMM" wrote: "Andy Hall" wrote in message .. . Look at Part P of Schedule 1 and Schedule 2B near the bottom. The Schedule 1 piece gives the scope of where electrical work is controlled. This is in a dwelling and buildings associated with or supplied from it. Schedule 2B lists exemptions. DIY work following BS7671 is not exempted. " SCHEDULE 2B Regulation 12(5) DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK WHERE NO BUILDING NOTICE OR DEPOSIT OF FULL PLANS REQUIRED 1. Work consisting of - (a) replacing any socket-outlet, control switch or ceiling rose; [does not say that you cannot touch the ring main] You are looking at it the wrong way round. These are *exemptions*. You are exempted from touching the ring main as you can "replacing any socket-outlet, control switch or ceiling rose;". To do this may entail working on the ring main. Simple. Obvious. typo. fixed above. |
#24
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On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 15:51:17 -0000, "IMM" wrote:
"Andy Hall" wrote in message .. . On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 14:58:56 -0000, "IMM" wrote: "Andy Hall" wrote in message .. . Look at Part P of Schedule 1 and Schedule 2B near the bottom. The Schedule 1 piece gives the scope of where electrical work is controlled. This is in a dwelling and buildings associated with or supplied from it. Schedule 2B lists exemptions. DIY work following BS7671 is not exempted. " SCHEDULE 2B Regulation 12(5) DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK WHERE NO BUILDING NOTICE OR DEPOSIT OF FULL PLANS REQUIRED 1. Work consisting of - (a) replacing any socket-outlet, control switch or ceiling rose; [does not say that you cannot touch the ring main] You are looking at it the wrong way round. These are *exemptions*. You are not exempted from touching the ring main as you can "replacing any socket-outlet, control switch or ceiling rose;". To do this may entail working on the ring main. Simple. Obvious. I didn't say that you can't "touch the ring main" First of all it is a "ring final circuit". Secondly one is allowed to change fittings. Other works are controlled. (b) replacing a damaged cable for a single circuit only; [so you can replace the ring main or a radial circuit] No. Yes! You are exempted if the cable is damaged and needs replacing. hat may mean the whole ring main. Simple. Obvious. Of course. However, it is fairly unlikely, and the intent is that installing a new circuit is a controlled activity. They have simply listed the exemptions because they thought that they are fewer in number than listing what is controlled in detail. By the way,,,, I am not seeking to defend this nonsense legislation. I've repeatedly said that it's bull**** and achieves nothing because it is unenforcable. I would remind you that it was enacted by your friend Twojags and his cronies. I am sure that if this ever does become a big issue (which is unlikely), that he will seek to distance himself from it in exactly the same shameful way that he has from hunting legislation. (c) re-fixing or replacing enclosures of existing installation components, where the circuit protective measures are unaffected; (d) providing mechanical protection to an existing fixed installation, where the circuit protective measures and current carrying capacity of conductors are unaffected by the increased thermal insulation. 2. Work which - Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and [So the above two say any work as long as it is not in a kitchen or a "special installation"] No. You haven't read it correctly. The *and* at the end of (b) means that conditions (a) (b) *and* (c) have to apply. No "and" at the end of (a), so (a) not joined with (b) and (c). There doesn't need to be because there is a comma. I know that your English abilities are not strong, so when something is expressed as (a), (b) and (c); it means (a) *and* (b) *and* (c). So you can't plug in a low voltage garden light set to a socket on the outside of the house? Me thinks not. It doesn't say that. It is only a special installation if the lighting set is NOT a pre-assembled lighting set bearing the CE marking referred to in regulation 9 of the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1994 or electric power installation, an electricity generator, or an extra-low voltage lighting system which is not a pre-assembled lighting set bearing the CE marking referred to in regulation 9 of the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1994[8] - an electricity generator - an extra-low voltage lighting system which is not a pre-assembled lighting set bearing the CE marking referred to in regulation 9 of the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1994[8]; [what is "extra low voltage"? So this appears to mean you can install 12v downlighters and run the cables] Less than 50v AC or 120v DC So, you can't fit 12v downlighters. So, that is why Homebase do not sell 12v lights anymore. You can fit luminaires anyway. 12v is less than 50v by the way. -- ..andy To email, substitute .nospam with .gl |
#25
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On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 15:32:06 -0000, "IMM" wrote:
You could fill all the spare breaker slots on the CU and have two 1 metre lengths going onto one socket near the CU. then that is a "circuit". You can totally replace an existing ring main if it is defective. So you can redirect an existing ring main right back to the CU breaker as it was "defective". It says that you can replace a damaged cable. Theoretically, all the cable segments in a ring could be damaged, but it's a bit unlikely, isn;t it? It is one more reason why the whole thing, like most of this kind of legislation, is a nonsense. (iii) installing or upgrading main or supplementary equipotential bonding. I thought adding socket outlets and spurs was not allowed under the new regs, but this says otherwise. Except for a kitchen. Yep. You are right. So anything goes as long as it is not in a kitchen or "special location", whatever that is. I can see why they homed in on kitchen. This is to prevent cowboy kitchen fitters slapping cables all around the place. That MPs daughter who died probably prompted this. Entirely possible but completely flawed. Now where are the regs that say a replacement cylinder needs the BCO involved? Part L1 IIRC. -- ..andy To email, substitute .nospam with .gl |
#26
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On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 15:29:30 GMT, "coherers"
wrote: Everything else is covered by the regs, but not all works require notification. The Part P Approved Document seems to take that view. From section 0.8 quote When the non-notifiable work described in Table 1 [i.e Schedule 2B] is to be undertaken by a DIY worker, a way of showing compliance would be to follow the IEE guidance or guidance in other authoritative manuals that are based on this, and to have a competent person inspect and test the work and supply a Minor Electrical Installation Works Certificate. The competent person need not necessarily be registered with an electrical self-certification scheme but, as required by BS 7671, must be competent in respect of the inspection and testing of an installation /quote Note the use of the word "compliance". The regs apply even for minor DIY.So if we don't want to get a certified "professional" to check our stuff, we will have to do ourselves certificates ! This is as I understand it, but do remember that the Approved Documents do not have the force of law - they are simply a guideline. So the quote above can be nothing more than a recommendation, and is in effect the status quo today. "coherers" -- ..andy To email, substitute .nospam with .gl |
#27
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"Andy Hall" wrote in message news On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 15:32:06 -0000, "IMM" wrote: You could fill all the spare breaker slots on the CU and have two 1 metre lengths going onto one socket near the CU. then that is a "circuit". You can totally replace an existing ring main if it is defective. So you can redirect an existing ring main right back to the CU breaker as it was "defective". It says that you can replace a damaged cable. Theoretically, all the cable segments in a ring could be damaged, but it's a bit unlikely, isn;t it? If one is down then the lot gets replaced. It is one more reason why the whole thing, like most of this kind of legislation, is a nonsense. (iii) installing or upgrading main or supplementary equipotential bonding. I thought adding socket outlets and spurs was not allowed under the new regs, but this says otherwise. Except for a kitchen. Yep. You are right. So anything goes as long as it is not in a kitchen or "special location", whatever that is. I can see why they homed in on kitchen. This is to prevent cowboy kitchen fitters slapping cables all around the place. That MPs daughter who died probably prompted this. Entirely possible but completely flawed. Now where are the regs that say a replacement cylinder needs the BCO involved? Part L1 IIRC. -- .andy To email, substitute .nospam with .gl |
#28
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"IMM" wrote in message ... snip 2. Work which - Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and [So the above two say any work as long as it is not in a kitchen or a "special installation"] No. You haven't read it correctly. The *and* at the end of (b) means that conditions (a) (b) *and* (c) have to apply. No "and" at the end of (a), so (a) not joined with (b) and (c). Does this interpretation have any legal precedence whatsoever? It is not normal in written english to put "and" after every item in a list, merely once following the penultimate item. snip -- Richard Sampson mail me at richard at olifant d-ot co do-t uk |
#29
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"IMM" wrote in message
... "Andy Hall" wrote in message news On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 15:32:06 -0000, "IMM" wrote: You could fill all the spare breaker slots on the CU and have two 1 metre lengths going onto one socket near the CU. then that is a "circuit". You can totally replace an existing ring main if it is defective. So you can redirect an existing ring main right back to the CU breaker as it was "defective". It says that you can replace a damaged cable. Theoretically, all the cable segments in a ring could be damaged, but it's a bit unlikely, isn;t it? If one is down then the lot gets replaced. snip So, when you slip with your hacksaw and nick the insulation of one leg of a ring, you'd rip the lot out and replace it, would you? -- Richard Sampson mail me at richard at olifant d-ot co do-t uk |
#30
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"Andy Hall" wrote in message ... On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 15:51:17 -0000, "IMM" wrote: "Andy Hall" wrote in message .. . On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 14:58:56 -0000, "IMM" wrote: "Andy Hall" wrote in message .. . Look at Part P of Schedule 1 and Schedule 2B near the bottom. The Schedule 1 piece gives the scope of where electrical work is controlled. This is in a dwelling and buildings associated with or supplied from it. Schedule 2B lists exemptions. DIY work following BS7671 is not exempted. " SCHEDULE 2B Regulation 12(5) DESCRIPTIONS OF WORK WHERE NO BUILDING NOTICE OR DEPOSIT OF FULL PLANS REQUIRED 1. Work consisting of - (a) replacing any socket-outlet, control switch or ceiling rose; [does not say that you cannot touch the ring main] You are looking at it the wrong way round. These are *exemptions*. You are not exempted from touching the ring main as you can "replacing any socket-outlet, control switch or ceiling rose;". To do this may entail working on the ring main. Simple. Obvious. I didn't say that you can't "touch the ring main" First of all it is a "ring final circuit". I don't see the term "ring final circuit". Secondly one is allowed to change fittings. Other works are controlled. (b) replacing a damaged cable for a single circuit only; [so you can replace the ring main or a radial circuit] No. Yes! You are exempted if the cable is damaged and needs replacing. That may mean the whole ring main. Simple. Obvious. Of course. However, it is fairly unlikely, and the intent is that installing a new circuit is a controlled activity. "fairly unlikely" is not good enough. It is either black or white in regs. Installing a new cable on an existing breaker is not a new circuit. They have simply listed the exemptions because they thought that they are fewer in number than listing what is controlled in detail. Not interested in opinions.. It is either black or white. By the way,,,, I am not seeking to defend this nonsense legislation. I've repeatedly said that it's bull**** and achieves nothing because it is unenforcable. I would remind you that it was enacted by your friend Twojags and his cronies. No.by the relevant deptarbntments. I'm 2Jags doesn't know what a ring mains is. I am sure that if this ever does become a big issue (which is unlikely), that he will seek to distance himself from it in exactly the same shameful way that he has from hunting legislation. He voted again hunting I believe. Fox hunters? I would burn the lot 'em. (c) re-fixing or replacing enclosures of existing installation components, where the circuit protective measures are unaffected; (d) providing mechanical protection to an existing fixed installation, where the circuit protective measures and current carrying capacity of conductors are unaffected by the increased thermal insulation. 2. Work which - Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and [So the above two say any work as long as it is not in a kitchen or a "special installation"] No. You haven't read it correctly. The *and* at the end of (b) means that conditions (a) (b) *and* (c) have to apply. No "and" at the end of (a), so (a) not joined with (b) and (c). There doesn't need to be because there is a comma. I know that your English abilities are not strong, so when something is expressed as (a), (b) and (c); it means (a) *and* (b) *and* (c). No and after (a) when there is after others, so (a) is excluded. Simple. So you can't plug in a low voltage garden light set to a socket on the outside of the house? Me thinks not. It doesn't say that. It is only a special installation if the lighting set is NOT a pre-assembled lighting set bearing the CE marking referred to in regulation 9 of the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1994 or electric power installation, an electricity generator, or an extra-low voltage lighting system which is not a pre-assembled lighting set bearing the CE marking referred to in regulation 9 of the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1994[8] - an electricity generator - an extra-low voltage lighting system which is not a pre-assembled lighting set bearing the CE marking referred to in regulation 9 of the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1994[8]; [what is "extra low voltage"? So this appears to mean you can install 12v downlighters and run the cables] Less than 50v AC or 120v DC So, you can't fit 12v downlighters. So, that is why Homebase do not sell 12v lights anymore. You can fit luminaires anyway. 12v is less than 50v by the way. But you can't take away the rose and fit a j box and transformer with wires to the downlighters. Something to do with cowboys and kitchens again. |
#31
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Exempting equipotential bonding is curious as well. It's an imprtant
safety mechanism and should also be tested. Isn't this so that plumbers don't need to jump through the hoops when doing pipework that needs earthing ? |
#32
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"Andy Hall" wrote
| "special installation" means an electric floor or ceiling heating | system, a garden lighting or electric power installation, an | electricity generator, or an extra-low voltage lighting system which | is *** NOT a pre-assembled lighting set *** bearing the CE marking | referred to in regulation 9 of the Electrical Equipment (Safety) | Regulations 1994[8] (my emphasis *** added) This would appear to mean that if you buy a pre-assembled lighting set of transformer and luminaires you can DIY, but if you buy a transformer and luminaires separately it becomes a special installation and thus certifiable? Owain |
#33
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"Andy Hall" wrote in message
news On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 15:29:30 GMT, "coherers" wrote: The Part P Approved Document seems to take that view. From section 0.8 quote When the non-notifiable work described in Table 1 [i.e Schedule 2B] is to be undertaken by a DIY worker, a way of showing compliance would be to follow the IEE guidance or guidance in other authoritative manuals that are based on this, and to have a competent person inspect and test the work and supply a Minor Electrical Installation Works Certificate. The competent person need not necessarily be registered with an electrical self-certification scheme but, as required by BS 7671, must be competent in respect of the inspection and testing of an installation /quote Note the use of the word "compliance". The regs apply even for minor DIY.So if we don't want to get a certified "professional" to check our stuff, we will have to do ourselves certificates ! This is as I understand it, but do remember that the Approved Documents do not have the force of law - they are simply a guideline. Right - there is a tendency for the Approved documents to "extend" the law, which really irritates me 'cos there are enough real regulations without f***head's office inventing them So the quote above can be nothing more than a recommendation, and is in effect the status quo today. There is one big change in the status quo. Currently, if we add a socket and skimp on the inspection/testing, we may end on the wrong side of the civil law. After 1st Jan, if we do anything which doesn't comply with regs, we could end up with a criminal record ( s35, Building Act 1984). Ditto for the professionals though, which might be the silver lining.... |
#34
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"IMM" wrote in message ... "Andy Hall" wrote in message ... On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 15:51:17 -0000, "IMM" wrote: snip I didn't say that you can't "touch the ring main" First of all it is a "ring final circuit". I don't see the term "ring final circuit". Well, it certainly isn't a ring main, otherwise you would be working out in the road !.. |
#35
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"RichardS" noone@invalid wrote in message .. . "IMM" wrote in message ... "Andy Hall" wrote in message news On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 15:32:06 -0000, "IMM" wrote: You could fill all the spare breaker slots on the CU and have two 1 metre lengths going onto one socket near the CU. then that is a "circuit". You can totally replace an existing ring main if it is defective. So you can redirect an existing ring main right back to the CU breaker as it was "defective". It says that you can replace a damaged cable. Theoretically, all the cable segments in a ring could be damaged, but it's a bit unlikely, isn;t it? If one is down then the lot gets replaced. snip So, when you slip with your hacksaw You don't use hacksaws on cables sunny boy. Best you get pro in. |
#36
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":::Jerry::::" wrote in message ... "IMM" wrote in message ... "Andy Hall" wrote in message ... On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 15:51:17 -0000, "IMM" wrote: snip I didn't say that you can't "touch the ring main" First of all it is a "ring final circuit". I don't see the term "ring final circuit". Well, it certainly isn't a ring main, otherwise you would be working out in the road !.. I'm not interested in assumptions or opinions. |
#37
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"IMM" wrote in message
... "RichardS" noone@invalid wrote in message .. . "IMM" wrote in message ... "Andy Hall" wrote in message news On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 15:32:06 -0000, "IMM" wrote: You could fill all the spare breaker slots on the CU and have two 1 metre lengths going onto one socket near the CU. then that is a "circuit". You can totally replace an existing ring main if it is defective. So you can redirect an existing ring main right back to the CU breaker as it was "defective". It says that you can replace a damaged cable. Theoretically, all the cable segments in a ring could be damaged, but it's a bit unlikely, isn;t it? If one is down then the lot gets replaced. snip So, when you slip with your hacksaw You don't use hacksaws on cables sunny boy. Best you get pro in. as suspected. utterly avoided the question. -- Richard Sampson mail me at richard at olifant d-ot co do-t uk |
#38
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On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 16:44:33 -0000, "IMM" wrote:
socket-outlet, control switch or ceiling rose;". To do this may entail working on the ring main. Simple. Obvious. I didn't say that you can't "touch the ring main" First of all it is a "ring final circuit". I don't see the term "ring final circuit". That is the term in BS7671. In the SI it is referred to as a ring circuit. Secondly one is allowed to change fittings. Other works are controlled. (b) replacing a damaged cable for a single circuit only; [so you can replace the ring main or a radial circuit] No. Yes! You are exempted if the cable is damaged and needs replacing. That may mean the whole ring main. Simple. Obvious. Of course. However, it is fairly unlikely, and the intent is that installing a new circuit is a controlled activity. "fairly unlikely" is not good enough. It is either black or white in regs. Installing a new cable on an existing breaker is not a new circuit. I agree. The intent of the legislation is that you should be able to replace *a* cable. You have stretched it to the point that the entire ring would need to be replaced. That would mean a new circuit and is therefore not exempt. A damaged cable means just that - e.g. somebody banged a nail through a section. It is unlikely that somebody would systematically bang a nail through every section of cable in a ring. That is what I meant by "fairly unlikely". It is an obvious loophole. They have simply listed the exemptions because they thought that they are fewer in number than listing what is controlled in detail. Not interested in opinions.. It is either black or white. That is the problem. Twojags and his cronies have done such a poor job of drafting the legislation that it is full of potential loopholes. This is not a surprising outcome. By the way,,,, I am not seeking to defend this nonsense legislation. I've repeatedly said that it's bull**** and achieves nothing because it is unenforcable. I would remind you that it was enacted by your friend Twojags and his cronies. No.by the relevant deptarbntments. I'm 2Jags doesn't know what a ring mains is. I don't think he knows which day of the week it is. I can assure you that his cronies knew what they were *trying* to do. I have a letter in my file from Raynsford in answer to a letter written to him by my MP, where it is clear that his hand had been in this. It is typical for these characters now to try to distance themselves from unenforceable and unnecessary legislation. Prescott tried it today with regard to the hunting legislation and seriously expects people to believe him. I am sure that if this ever does become a big issue (which is unlikely), that he will seek to distance himself from it in exactly the same shameful way that he has from hunting legislation. He voted again hunting I believe. Fox hunters? I would burn the lot 'em. ... and DIY electricians no doubt. Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and [So the above two say any work as long as it is not in a kitchen or a "special installation"] No. You haven't read it correctly. The *and* at the end of (b) means that conditions (a) (b) *and* (c) have to apply. No "and" at the end of (a), so (a) not joined with (b) and (c). There doesn't need to be because there is a comma. I know that your English abilities are not strong, so when something is expressed as (a), (b) and (c); it means (a) *and* (b) *and* (c). No and after (a) when there is after others, so (a) is excluded. Simple. I suspect that you probably are. You can fit luminaires anyway. 12v is less than 50v by the way. But you can't take away the rose and fit a j box and transformer with wires to the downlighters. Something to do with cowboys and kitchens again. Who knows? There are transformers that fit in place of ceiling roses and power pairs of wires onto which are clipped lamps. -- ..andy To email, substitute .nospam with .gl |
#39
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"Steve Firth" wrote in message ... IMM wrote: So if you leave 1 foot od each of the two wores I doubt you could manage to leave 1 inch either end of the two whores. He is getting worse. Sad isn't it. Sad..... |
#40
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On Tue, 23 Nov 2004 16:36:52 -0000, "RichardS" noone@invalid wrote:
"IMM" wrote in message ... snip 2. Work which - Work which - (a) is not in a kitchen, or a special location, (b) does not involve work on a special installation, and [So the above two say any work as long as it is not in a kitchen or a "special installation"] No. You haven't read it correctly. The *and* at the end of (b) means that conditions (a) (b) *and* (c) have to apply. No "and" at the end of (a), so (a) not joined with (b) and (c). Does this interpretation have any legal precedence whatsoever? It is not normal in written english to put "and" after every item in a list, merely once following the penultimate item. snip It's clear enough in this case. It is common to create long sentences in legalese precisely so that the punctuation controls the meaning. Equally, sometimes extra words are added, which in common-use English scan badly. For example, if you look at the text of a European Union Directive you will see that it is plastered with "whereases" If you take these out, the document becomes more easily readable. -- ..andy To email, substitute .nospam with .gl |
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