My Ridgid 6" jointer needs new knives, and I've never replaced them
before. The Ridgid website is (was) a little hard for me to navigate
in that respect, and amazon just has "six-inch jointer knives." Are
they all more or less the same? Does anyone have good stories about
customer and/or product service from a particular vendor? I'm willing
to spend a little extra for a pleasant experience. I just checked Ron
Hock's website, but he doesn't sell Normite stuff. Bummer.

Also, is carbide worth the extra $$? At 3x the price, will I get 3x
the performance? A related question--What's the difference between
High Speed Steel (I'm guessing that's what HSS stands for) and other
tool steels like A2 or D2 as it relates to woodworking machinery?

Thanks, y'all.

-Phil Crow

This is out of my book, Building Superior Brazed Tools

Hope it helps.

One thing.

Steel typically takes a sharper edge than carbide but the new
micrograin carbides have narrowed the gap considerably.

Tom



Tool Steel
There are basically two kinds depending on how it is made. These are
ingot cast and powder metal. Tool steels can be hardened to at least
Rockwell C63 and will retain Rockwell C52 at 1,000 F. T-15 is
generally considered to be best in the widest number of applications

Seven major kinds of tool steel
High speed
Hot work
Cold work
Shock resisting
Mold steels
Special purpose
Water hardening


Historical progression

Historically the progression went somewhat as follows
·Steel
·Tool Steel (High speed steel)
· Cutting alloys - Co-Cr-W-Fe-Si-C (Haynes alloys, Stellite®,
Talonite®)
· Tungsten carbides (mostly tungsten carbides)
· Cermets & Ceramics
· Cubic Boron Nitride
· Diamond

The major focus has always been machining steel. The desire has been
to do as much work as fast as possible. As you work faster in
machining you generate more heat. I attended a lecture where the
following values were given. The point was to show how the development
of newer materials effected machining operations. The example is
based on a certain amount of work taking 100 minute using tool steel.
The same amount of work can be done more rapidly using other materials.
This example is certainly interesting but is very narrow and overlooks
a huge range of variables. A big part of the difference was feed and
speeds. A bigger part must have been changing the tools as they wore
out from heat, wear, corrosion, etc.

Comparative times to cut steel including tool changes and tool
servicing
· Tool Steel - 100 minutes
· Cutting alloys - 50 minutes
· Tungsten carbides 15 minutes
· Cermets & Ceramics - 5 minutes
· Diamond - 1 minute

Run times - in typical wood sawing applications
Steel 2 - 4 hours
Talonite® (Stellite®) 4 - 12 hours
Tungsten carbide 8 - 40 hours
Cermets 8 - 120 hours

Knoop Hardness Ratings
Diamond 6,000 - 6,500
Silicon tungsten carbide (solid) 2,130 - 2,140
Aluminum oxide (corundum) 1,635 - 1,680
Tungsten carbide (Co binder) 1,000 - 1,500
Hardened steel 400 - 800

8. Tool Steels

Tool steels are iron-based alloys that are melted and processed to
develop characteristics useful in the working and shaping of other
metals. Many tool steels are also suitable for machinery components and
structural applications in which particularly stringent requirements
must be met. Such parts include high-temperature springs,
ultrahigh-strength fasteners, special-purpose valves, and bearings of
various types for elevated-temperature service.

Tools are typically subjected to extremely high loads that are applied
rapidly. The tools must withstand these loads without breaking and
without undergoing excessive wear or deformation. No single tool
material combines maximum wear resistance, toughness, and resistance to
softening at elevated temperatures. Consequently, the selection of the
proper tool material for a given application often requires a trade-off
to achieve the optimal combination of properties.

Most tool steels are wrought, but some are cast and some are made via
powder metallurgy. This article describes the effects of alloying
elements, discusses the categories of tool steels, and describes
advanced powder metallurgy tool steels and nickel-base tool alloys.

Effects of Alloying Elements

Metals producers customarily melt tool steel alloys in an electric arc
furnace. The alloys are refined to produce final chemistries and
eliminate deleterious elements, and then poured into molds to solidify
into ingots. The ingots are often electroslag remelted (ESR) to improve
the microstructure prior to hot rolling or forging into mill forms such
as bar, plate, and sheet. Producers then cut the forms to length for
fabrication into tools for turning, milling, boring, and drilling.

Conventional cast/wrought steels are preferred for tools and dies in
general-purpose machining and forming. These grades are alloyed with
carbon, chromium, and small amounts of other elements.

Carbon
Carbon is the element most critical to tool properties. In the metal's
matrix, carbon and iron form the hard martensite phase (distorted body
centered cubic) when heat treated. Carbon also combines with iron,
chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten to form very hard carbide
particles that contribute to wear resistance.

Manganese
Manganese additions impart a deeper hardening depth (greater
hardenability). Increasing manganese also helps reduce the hardening
temperature, and can reduce heat-treating distortion.

Silicon
Silicon helps improve impact resistance and, like manganese, provides
greater depth of hardening.


Chromium
Chromium combines with carbon to form chromium carbides, which enhance
wear resistance. Chromium also promotes hardenability, toughness, and
scaling resistance.

Tungsten
Tungsten adds wear resistance because it combines with carbon to form
very hard carbides. It also adds red hardness and promotes secondary
hardening.

Molybdenum
Molybdenum behaves much like tungsten in that it promotes good
hardenability and adds red hardness. Its carbides add wear resistance.

Vanadium
Vanadium forms very hard primary carbides that contribute to high wear
resistance. Vanadium also adds red hardness and promotes a fine-grain
microstructure.

Cobalt
Cobalt plays a very important role because of its contribution to red
hardness. Normally, this element, like tungsten, is added only to
high-speed tool steels.

Sulfur
Sulfur additions in very small amounts impart machinability to tool
steels. Sulfur is tied up by manganese to form manganese sulfides that
act as chip breakers.

Cold-work tool steels
Cold-work tool steels do not have the alloy content necessary to make
them resistant to softening at elevated temperatures. Therefore, they
are restricted to applications that do not involve prolonged or
repeated heating above 205 to 260°C (400 to 500°F). For cold-work
applications, they may be air- or oil-quenched during hardening.
Because they do not require a severe water quench, such alloys have
less heat treat distortion and cracking than do the water-hardening
alloys.

Cold-work tool steels share similar characteristics, such as chemistry.
Common cold-work alloys include the oil-hardening types, such as 02;
the air-hardening grades such as A2 and A6; and the high-chromium,
high-carbon, air- or oil-hardened alloys, such as D2.

This group includes carbon steels, shock-resisting grades, and
air-hardening and oil-hardening grades.

Carbon-steel tool alloys (group W)
Carbon-steel tool alloys (group W) contain carbon as the principal
alloying element in amounts ranging from 0.60 to 1.4%. They have very
little alloy content, and must be | water quenched to achieve proper I
hardness. Also known as water-hardening grades, they have a very hard
surface or case, and a softer core. They are suitable for cold heading,
striking, coining,) taps, reamers, and similar parts. Group W alloys
are not as popular today as in the past.


Shock-resisting grades (group S)
Shock-resisting grades (group S) have high toughness for applications
such as chisels and punches. Carbon content is about 0.5% for all group
S steels, and this results in a combination of high strength, high
toughness, and low to medium wear resistance. Group S steels vary in
hardenability from shallow hardening (S2) to deep hardening (S7). Type
S2 is normally water quenched; types Sl, S5, and S6 are oil quenched.
Type S7 can be air hardened, but atmosphere control is important, as S7
is susceptible to decarburization.

Air-hardening, medium-alloy grades (group A)
Air-hardening, medium-alloy grades (group A) contain enough alloying
elements to achieve full hardness in sections up to about 100 mm (4
in.) diameter when air cooled. Because they are air-hardening alloys,
Group A tool steels exhibit minimum distortion and the lowest tendency
to crack during hardening. Manganese, chromium, and molybdenum are the
principal alloying elements. Types A2, A3, and A7, A8, and A9 contain
5% chromium. Typical applications include shear knives, punches,
forming dies, and coining dies.

High-carbon, high-chromium grades (group D)
High-carbon, high-chromium grades (group D) contain 1.5 to 2.35% carbon
and 12% chromium. All group D tool steels (except D3) are air-hardening
and reach full hardness when cooled in still air. Type D3 is usually
quenched in oil, making it more susceptible to cracking. Group D steels
have high resistance to softening and excellent resistance to wear.
Typical applications include forming dies, rolls, burnishing tools, and
slitter knives.

Molybdenum high-speed (group M)
Molybdenum high-speed (group M) steels contain molybdenum, tungsten,
chromium, vanadium, cobalt, and carbon as principal alloying elements.
Type M2 contains 4.5 to 5.5% molybdenum, and 5.5 to 6.75% tungsten.
Type M7 contains 8.2 to 9.2% molybdenum, and only 1.4 to 2.1% tungsten.


Group M
Group M steels were primarily developed for the manufacture of cutting
tools. Their most important property is the ability to retain high
hardness at elevated temperatures. These materials are heavily alloyed,
and their composition provides high strength as well as excellent wear
resistance. For this reason, they are often chosen for cold-work
applications such as punches and dies.

Tungsten high-speed steels (group T) also contain molybdenum, tungsten,
chromium, vanadium, cobalt, and carbon as principal alloying elements.
However, T2 contains only 1% max of molybdenum, and 17.5 to 19%
tungsten. T8 contains 0.4 to 1% molybdenum and 13.25 to 14.75%
tungsten. Group T steels are characterized by high red hardness and
wear resistance, as well as deep hardening. They are primarily chosen
for cutting tools such as bits, drills, reamers, taps, broaches, and
high-temperature structural parts.

Because a combination of factors can contribute to cold-work tooling
failure, alloy selection can be challenging. The best choices for
cold-work tooling applications typically result from the right
compromise between wear resistance and toughness. In selecting
cold-work tool steels, the user must first accurately predict the
service conditions. For example, breaks or chips in the tool indicate
insufficient toughness, suggesting replacement by a shock-resistant
tool steel such as S7. Excessive abrasion or galling indicates a need
for a wear-resistant alloy such as D2 or M2.

Hot-Work Tooling Alloys

Hot-work steels (group H) were developed to withstand the combination
of heat, pressure, and abrasion associated with punching, shearing, or
forming at high temperatures. Group H steels have carbon contents
ranging from 0.35 to 0.45%. Contents of chromium, tungsten, molybdenum,
and vanadium range from 6 to 25%. Common hot-work alloys include Hll,
H13, and H19. These alloys have good resistance to heat softening
because of their chromium contents of 3 to 5.5%.

Important characteristics of hot-work alloys include hardness at the
tool's elevated working temperature, temper resistance, and impact
toughness.

The hot hardness of a low-alloy steel diminishes rapidly upon heating
to 230°C (450°F). However, chromium die steels such as H13 or H19 are
relatively unaffected until heated to over 425°C (SOOT).

Temper resistance reflects an alloy's ability to retain its hardness
after lengthy exposure to elevated temperature. When subjected to
thermal fatigue, it is critical that these hot-work tooling alloys
exhibit resistance to heat checking. High toughness and high hardness
have been found to prevent these surface cracks.


Powder Metallurgy Tool Alloys

Powder metallurgy cold-work tool steels offer superior wear resistance
compared with conventional tool steel grades, and have good strength
and toughness characteristics. Upgrading to powder cold-work steels
should be considered for applications such as cold extrusion, cold
extrusion barrels, cold extrusion liners, cold heading, compacting
tools, dies for blanking, forming rolls and dies, nozzles, pelletizer
blades, piercing dies, plastic injection molds, punches, shears,
slitter knives, steel mill rolls, and woodworking tools.

To make powder metal alloys, molten metals containing the required
alloying elements are nitrogen-gas-atomized to produce powder
particles.

The high quench rate of the gas-atomized metal powder particles allows
for finer grain size; smaller, more uniformly distributed carbide
particles; and reduced or eliminated segregation.

These powders are blended and poured into a canister then hot
isostatically pressed to produce 100% dense billets. The billets are
further processed by state-of-the-art specialty steelmaking methods.
The more refined and homogeneous microstructure of wrought powder metal
mill forms such as bar, wire, flats, and plate offer significant
benefits over conventional cast/wrought stock

wrote:
My Ridgid 6" jointer needs new knives, and I've never replaced them
before. The Ridgid website is (was) a little hard for me to navigate
in that respect, and amazon just has "six-inch jointer knives." Are
they all more or less the same? Does anyone have good stories about
customer and/or product service from a particular vendor? I'm willing
to spend a little extra for a pleasant experience. I just checked Ron
Hock's website, but he doesn't sell Normite stuff. Bummer.

Also, is carbide worth the extra $$? At 3x the price, will I get 3x
the performance? A related question--What's the difference between
High Speed Steel (I'm guessing that's what HSS stands for) and other
tool steels like A2 or D2 as it relates to woodworking machinery?

Thanks, y'all.

-Phil Crow

I would just get a good set of steel knives. I have used
www.globaltooling.bizhosting.com and could not be more happy with what I
got. They sure beat the price of the name brand knives.

I recently purchased a 4 blade set of these along with a set
of cobalt replacement blades for my 20 inch G-1033 Grizzly
planer. I'm going to be getting a set for my 6 inch jointer
soon.

http://www.grizzly.com/catalog/2006/Main/55

Frank

"Jody" wrote in message
...
wrote:
My Ridgid 6" jointer needs new knives, and I've never
replaced them
before. The Ridgid website is (was) a little hard for me
to navigate
in that respect, and amazon just has "six-inch jointer
knives." Are
they all more or less the same? Does anyone have good
stories about
customer and/or product service from a particular vendor?
I'm willing
to spend a little extra for a pleasant experience. I
just checked Ron
Hock's website, but he doesn't sell Normite stuff.
Bummer.

Also, is carbide worth the extra $$? At 3x the price,
will I get 3x
the performance? A related question--What's the
difference between
High Speed Steel (I'm guessing that's what HSS stands
for) and other
tool steels like A2 or D2 as it relates to woodworking
machinery?

Thanks, y'all.

-Phil Crow

I would just get a good set of steel knives. I have used
www.globaltooling.bizhosting.com and could not be more
happy with what I
got. They sure beat the price of the name brand knives.