Some points that might help.

1. Make sure jaws are in the right place. Most chucks have both the
jaws and where they attach to the chuck numbered. If you have the #1
jaw segment on the #2 chuck position you got trouble.

2. When attaching jaws - With the chuck slightly open, put on all jaws
but don't tighten the screws, leave them a little loose. Then tighten
the chuck all the way closed. Now snug the screws pretty tightly in
the same way as you would when changing a tire (alternate in/out and
side to side). Finally, open the chuck a little and completely tighten
the screws.

3. Make sure the tennon isn't long enough to bottom out in the chuck
and that you turn a flat on the bowl to mate with the top surface of
the jaws. The tennon doesn't position the bowl, it's there only to
grip. The top surface of the jaws meets the flat on the bowl and
that's what positions the bowl.

4. The chuck should screw down all the way and meet the reference
surface on the spindle. If there is any gap you got trouble. Solve
the problem, if it exists, by getting a spindle washer (not one from
the hardware store) these are ground to have perfectly parallel sides.
Hope this helps.