Let's say I have a 20 meter wire with two conductors that are shorted at
some unknown location in the wire. Is there a way to determine how far the
short is from either end of the wire by using an ohmmeter or other testing
device?

ipo

I think that can be done fairly simple, probably won't even need an ohmmeter
or multimeter. Just post if you still have the problem and I'll help you out