such a device could be made, no doubt - an internal gear train could
drive a centrifugal vane pump , or of course you could get a GAST vane
pump with no motor (them make them that way) and then drive it with the
spindle, but why would you want to do this?

1. as pointed out before, when you stop the lathe your peice falls off
2. if you slow the lathe down, your piece falls off
3. it will cost more than other solutions, like the one that uses a
vacuum cleaner/shop vac