I did a bit of a detailed examination of the board with a magnifying glass for any possible damage.

I found something on the back of the board that I hadn't noticed before (probably because of the blown part on the front). It seems like there might have been a short between a resistor (R20) and a diode (D4). I have taken some pictures and added it to the album (https://imgur.com/a/uBCXjwQ).

Not sure if this helps or makes any difference, but let me know if there is anything else that I can check/try.