"Joseph Gwinn" wrote in message
s.com...
On Feb 7, 2016, Jim Wilkins wrote
(in article ):

"Joseph wrote in message
s.com...
On Feb 6, 2016, Jim Wilkins wrote
(in article ):

"Joseph wrote in message
s.com...
On Feb 6, 2016, Jim Wilkins wrote
(in article ):

idwrote
in
message
...
On 2016-02-06, Jim wrote:

I often look at all that stuff, and I find extreme
ingenuity
with
which people overcame limitations of their current
technologies,
it
is
fascinating.

i

Tbe one that impresses me most is the old analog telephone
which
does
everything over two wires without active electronics, only
one
very
clever transformer, speaker and carbon mike. I couldn't
quickly
find a
circuit description and should return to fixing my fallen
TV
antenna
that had me abseiling down the snow-covered roof.
Here is the core circuit of the pre-transistor circuit:

.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_hybrid

Joe Gwinn

Instead of the phone circuit it shows the Central Office
interface
between a two-wire local subscriber line and 4-wire long
distance
lines with amplifiers for each direction.

The hybrid combines or separates the mouth and ear signals so
effectively that a little of the user's voice has to be leaked
back
into their ear as "sidetone" to keep them from shouting. It
"knows"
the difference between the transmit and receive signals in the
single
wire pair. We learned the possibly bad habit of blowing gently
and
silently into the microphone to make a sound that only appears
in
the
speaker.

Yeah, I was focused on the hybrid, which is used at both ends.

Somewhere I have complete circuit for a POTS phone, but a modern
unit with
touchtone dial (the original, with pot cores and a germanium
transistor). I
recall it came from an old issue of BSTJ.

I have and use a bunch of telephones from that era. After 40
years,
the tone
frequencies had drifted a bit, and I had to retune the touchtone
pads.


Joe Gwinn

I looked at that page for a while, trying to explain intuitively
how a
hybrid transformer can separate the overlapping signals passing in
both directions.

The key is to follow both voltages and currents.

One cannot tell direction of propagation from voltage alone, but one
can tell
by comparing signed voltages with signed currents.

Joe Gwinn

I just had to explain the insulator at the center of a dipole. If you
want to post about what the little dots on a transformer schematic
mean, please go at it..
--jsw