1. If having GFCI at the outlet and at the C'Breaker is redundant,

No, a panel GFCI and an outlet GFCI are redundant. You need *one* GFCI
per circuit, extras won't help. You need *one* breaker per circuit.
Breakers and GFCIs serve two different purposes.

2. Consider running 30 Amps to the 240v outlets as has been suggested. A
Grizzly G0690 TS is 15 Amps (240v) and Grizzly suggests that it should be on
a 20 Amp circuilt. Does this imply it would be prudent to use a 20 Amp fuse
near the connection to help protect the equiptment. Lew always said that
the CBs are there to protect the lines and Not the equiptment.

If you use a 30 amp breaker, you have to have everything permanent on
that circuit rated for 30 amps - wiring and outlet. That means your TS
needs a 30 amp plug, although code does not require the TS to have
wiring rated for 30 amps. If you *do* put a 20 amp rated tool on a 30
amp circuit, it would be prudent (but not required by code) to put
additional protection on that's sized for the tool.

3. It was suggested to run 2 120v branch circuits. Fine to run these off
of one 14-3 cable?

I wouldn't use 14 gauge wire at all in a shop - that's limited to 15
amps, and many of my tools need 20 amp anyway, which means 12 gauge.

As for putting two 120v outlets on a single 240v wire - check with your
local code and find out what the rules are. Most likely, you'll at
least need to use a ganged breaker to protect the branch properly.