DarMan wrote:
This is a new well (200 feet) and a new house.

There is a whole house filter and it was installed with a 30 micron
filter.
....
This cycle of loss of flow, replacing the filter and restoring the flow
repeated 4 days later, then 2, then 2, then 2, then 1, then 1, then it
was only after taking one shower that I had to replace the filter
again. The pump is producing plenty of water. The bladder tank is
producing enough pressure. It really seems to be the filter.

All the while, the filters don't "look" dirty (they were a light gray
color), meaning I couldn't scrape or wash away any muck or dirt. I've
tried 30, 20, and 5 micron filters, as well as the pleated paper,
"felt" material, and string types. I was told to try a 50 or 100
micron filter, but that doesn't seem to make sense (why do I want more
sediment to get through?). The water straight from the pump is clear
when coming out of a hose, but filling up a bucket shows that the water
is a bit cloudy (white/gray).
....
I would agree with the others that say to get the water tested.
You might hire a professional other than the driller to help you
analyze the situation. Of course it doesn't hurt to talk to
the driller.

How was the well drilled? "Air rotary"? or did he using "drilling mud"?
If the latter, there may be a lot of drilling mud (which I believe is
mostly clay) that is clogging your filter. Clay will clog filters
real fast. It could be that a higher water table after your rains
washed some mud that was previously above the water line into the well.

Again, I (like most others here) am just guessing. If you can't figure
it out yourself, hire a professional.