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Gear Compatibility
What "parameter" describes whether two unknown gears from the surplus
bucket will work together? Is there a number that describes how the teeth mesh? I've googled "pitch circle", etc but I seem to have a mental vapour lock. TIA, Chris |
Gear Compatibility
The term is Diametral Pitch.
Bob Swinney wrote in message ... What "parameter" describes whether two unknown gears from the surplus bucket will work together? Is there a number that describes how the teeth mesh? I've googled "pitch circle", etc but I seem to have a mental vapour lock. TIA, Chris |
Gear Compatibility
Diametrical pitch and pitch angle. In metric it is the pitch rather than
DP. wrote: What "parameter" describes whether two unknown gears from the surplus bucket will work together? Is there a number that describes how the teeth mesh? I've googled "pitch circle", etc but I seem to have a mental vapour lock. TIA, Chris |
Gear Compatibility
On Mon, 02 Mar 2009 08:16:19 -0600, RoyJ
wrote: wrote: What "parameter" describes whether two unknown gears from the surplus bucket will work together? Is there a number that describes how the teeth mesh? I've googled "pitch circle", etc but I seem to have a mental vapour lock. TIA, Chris Diametrical pitch and pitch angle. In metric it is the pitch rather than DP. =============== Metric gears are generally speced as "module" Module = 1/ diametrical pitch. You will occassionally see the inch module specified, but general module usage is metric. 1 m/m module = 25.4 DP[inch], 0.5 m/m module = 50.8 DP[inch], etc. If you are getting into gears a good reference is Law, Ivan "Gears and Gear Cutting" ISBN 0-85242911-9 While written for the person who wants to make their own gears in the home workshop it has very good information on the nomenclature and identification of all types of gears. One source in the US is http://www.blueridgeshoponline.com/p...&productId=243 Amazon and Powells also have in stock from time to time. http://www.powells.com/ Unka' George [George McDuffee] ------------------------------------------- He that will not apply new remedies, must expect new evils: for Time is the greatest innovator: and if Time, of course, alter things to the worse, and wisdom and counsel shall not alter them to the better, what shall be the end? Francis Bacon (1561-1626), English philosopher, essayist, statesman. Essays, "Of Innovations" (1597-1625). |
Gear Compatibility
On Mon, 02 Mar 2009 05:55:03 -0800, chrish57 wrote:
What "parameter" describes whether two unknown gears from the surplus bucket will work together? Is there a number that describes how the teeth mesh? I've googled "pitch circle", etc but I seem to have a mental vapour lock. TIA, Chris Pitch and pressure angle, assuming that they're "ordinary" involute (is that the right term?) gears. -- http://www.wescottdesign.com |
Gear Compatibility
George sez:
If you are getting into gears a good reference is Law, Ivan "Gears and Gear Cutting" ISBN 0-85242911-9 While written for the person who wants to make their own gears in the home workshop it has very good information on the nomenclature and identification of all types of gears. One source in the US is http://www.blueridgeshoponline.com/p...&productId=243 Amazon and Powells also have in stock from time to time. http://www.powells.com/ Mucho seconds to that George! Ivan Law's book outlines a terrific way to make gears using the radii of commonly available end mills. Getursef a copy. You won't be sorry. Bob Swinney |
Gear Compatibility
On Mar 2, 11:27*am, Tim Wescott wrote:
snip The right keywords make searching much easier!! So two gears with the same diametral pitch and pitch angle will mesh, all other things being equal (no weird tooth shapes, etc)? Thanks folks. |
Gear Compatibility
You got it.
Take a look at the Boston gear site www.bostongear.com look in 'open gearing' section http://bostongear.com/litportal/pdfs...%20PAGESsm.pdf Great quicky section on gear theory http://bostongear.com/pdf/gear_theory.pdf wrote: On Mar 2, 11:27 am, Tim Wescott wrote: snip The right keywords make searching much easier!! So two gears with the same diametral pitch and pitch angle will mesh, all other things being equal (no weird tooth shapes, etc)? Thanks folks. |
Gear Compatibility
On 2009-03-02, Robert Swinney wrote:
wrote in message ... What "parameter" describes whether two unknown gears from the surplus bucket will work together? Is there a number that describes how the teeth mesh? I've googled "pitch circle", etc but I seem to have a mental vapour lock. The term is Diametral Pitch. Spelled "Diametrical Pitch" if you're going to use it in search engines. (They can be picky. :-) And "Pressure Angle" comes into it as well. Typically either 14 degrees or 20 degrees for inch dimensioned gears. Enjoy, DoN. -- Email: | Voice (all times): (703) 938-4564 (too) near Washington D.C. | http://www.d-and-d.com/dnichols/DoN.html --- Black Holes are where God is dividing by zero --- |
Gear Compatibility
"DoN. Nichols" wrote in message ... On 2009-03-02, Robert Swinney wrote: wrote in message ... What "parameter" describes whether two unknown gears from the surplus bucket will work together? Is there a number that describes how the teeth mesh? I've googled "pitch circle", etc but I seem to have a mental vapour lock. The term is Diametral Pitch. Spelled "Diametrical Pitch" if you're going to use it in search engines. (They can be picky. :-) I think the common term is diametral pitch, Don. And "Pressure Angle" comes into it as well. Typically either 14 degrees or 20 degrees for inch dimensioned gears. Right. You can derive some gear dimensions from others, but the ones that should be the same on matching gears, to keep it simple, are diametral pitch (so the spacing between gear teeth is conformal, and the gears don't "jump" from one tooth to the next) and pressure angle. The pressure angle (usually the standards, except for plastic gears: 14.5 deg, 20 deg, or sometimes 25 deg) should be the same for both gears to get uniform velocities and to minimize sliding. Lower angles run quieter; higher angles are stronger. The 14.5 deg angle is becoming less common on commercial gear applications today. These are just the tip of the iceberg in gear dimensions but they should be all you need for an ordinary application. Oh -- you'll want to know the pitch circle to get proper axial spacing, too. -- Ed Huntress |
Gear Compatibility
On Mar 3, 1:02*am, "Ed Huntress" wrote:
"DoN. Nichols" wrote in message On 2009-03-02, Robert Swinney wrote: wrote in message What "parameter" describes whether two unknown gears from the surplus bucket will work together? *Is there a number that describes how the teeth mesh? *I've googled "pitch circle", etc but I seem to have a mental vapour lock. The term is Diametral Pitch. And "Pressure Angle" comes into it as well. *Typically either 14 degrees or 20 degrees for inch dimensioned gears. Right. You can derive some gear dimensions from others, but the ones that should be the same on matching gears, to keep it simple, are diametral pitch (so the spacing between gear teeth is conformal, and the gears don't "jump" from one tooth to the next) and pressure angle. The pressure angle (usually the standards, except for plastic gears: 14.5 deg, 20 deg, or sometimes 25 deg) should be the same for both gears to get uniform velocities and to minimize sliding. -- Ed Huntress DP and PA are hard to measure when buying surplus . For inch gears the diametral pitch should equal (number of teeth + 2) / (measured outside diameter) rounded to the nearest whole number. An example from my lathe is (80 + 2) / 5.110 = 16.047. That's a 16 DP, 80 tooth gear I bought to replace the broken idler. The nominal outside diameter is ( 80 + 2) / 16 = 5.125". You can measure PA with a protractor on large gears probably close enough to tell 14.5 from 20. I measured ~42 degrees between the inner flanks of adjacent teeth on the tractor steering sector and assumed 20PA: http://picasaweb.google.com/KB1DAL/H...10360947850418 I initially mismeasured the sector angle and almost ordered an expensive 72 tooth gear. After making a centering plug that fit the hub I discovered that it was really 68 teeth, not a standard size for 20PA, and had to make one. 14.5 PA lathe change gears are available with almost any number of teeth, but wouldn't mesh properly with the steering shaft pinion. Jim Wilkins |
Gear Compatibility
"Jim Wilkins" wrote in message ... On Mar 3, 1:02 am, "Ed Huntress" wrote: "DoN. Nichols" wrote in message On 2009-03-02, Robert Swinney wrote: wrote in message What "parameter" describes whether two unknown gears from the surplus bucket will work together? Is there a number that describes how the teeth mesh? I've googled "pitch circle", etc but I seem to have a mental vapour lock. The term is Diametral Pitch. And "Pressure Angle" comes into it as well. Typically either 14 degrees or 20 degrees for inch dimensioned gears. Right. You can derive some gear dimensions from others, but the ones that should be the same on matching gears, to keep it simple, are diametral pitch (so the spacing between gear teeth is conformal, and the gears don't "jump" from one tooth to the next) and pressure angle. The pressure angle (usually the standards, except for plastic gears: 14.5 deg, 20 deg, or sometimes 25 deg) should be the same for both gears to get uniform velocities and to minimize sliding. -- Ed Huntress DP and PA are hard to measure when buying surplus . For inch gears the diametral pitch should equal (number of teeth + 2) / (measured outside diameter) rounded to the nearest whole number. An example from my lathe is (80 + 2) / 5.110 = 16.047. That's a 16 DP, 80 tooth gear I bought to replace the broken idler. The nominal outside diameter is ( 80 + 2) / 16 = 5.125". You can measure PA with a protractor on large gears probably close enough to tell 14.5 from 20. I measured ~42 degrees between the inner flanks of adjacent teeth on the tractor steering sector and assumed 20PA: http://picasaweb.google.com/KB1DAL/H...10360947850418 I initially mismeasured the sector angle and almost ordered an expensive 72 tooth gear. After making a centering plug that fit the hub I discovered that it was really 68 teeth, not a standard size for 20PA, and had to make one. 14.5 PA lathe change gears are available with almost any number of teeth, but wouldn't mesh properly with the steering shaft pinion. Jim Wilkins ================================================== ======== Right. It's one thing to specify a gear that you want; it's another thing entirely to measure those parameters on a gear that you have. There are some shop-level methods but I've long forgotten them, if I ever knew them at all. -- Ed Huntress |
Gear Compatibility
On Mar 3, 10:44*am, "Ed Huntress" wrote:
"Jim Wilkins" wrote in message ... Right. It's one thing to specify a gear that you want; it's another thing entirely to measure those parameters on a gear that you have. ... Ed Huntress Especially when it's damaged enough to need replacement, and you are rummaging through a junk pile to match it with only tools you can carry in a pocket and don't mind losing. I used the 80 tooth gear for the example because I bought it new and am sure of its size. The clerk at Bearing Specialty Co in Nashua told me they enounter a lot of custom sizes they can't match from stock, such as my tractor's steering sector. They are nice people who have been very helpful with my strange requests -- although the last time I was in there an alternate-energy designer bought some 2.000" ID bearings to go on 2" water pipe. Maybe mine aren't so bad. I did clean the gear before plopping it on the counter. I need to find a local inventor with great ideas who needs an electronic + mechanical tech to build them, and pays regularly. I've worked for quite a few of them, the trouble is that a place like DaVinci makes them a great offer and they leave. Jim Wilkins |
Gear Compatibility
On 2009-03-03, Ed Huntress wrote:
"DoN. Nichols" wrote in message ... On 2009-03-02, Robert Swinney wrote: wrote in message ... What "parameter" describes whether two unknown gears from the surplus bucket will work together? Is there a number that describes how the teeth mesh? I've googled "pitch circle", etc but I seem to have a mental vapour lock. The term is Diametral Pitch. Spelled "Diametrical Pitch" if you're going to use it in search engines. (They can be picky. :-) I think the common term is diametral pitch, Don. You're right! I've been reading it as "diametrical pitch" all this time -- given the derivation of the term. ================================================== ==================== diametral pitch The number of teeth given per inch of a gear's pitch diameter. Diametral pitch is the most common method of classifying gears. ================================================== ==================== I wonder how that spelling became the standard? And why? And my spelling checker complains about it when I use the correct term. :-) And "Pressure Angle" comes into it as well. Typically either 14 degrees or 20 degrees for inch dimensioned gears. Right. You can derive some gear dimensions from others, but the ones that should be the same on matching gears, to keep it simple, are diametral pitch (so the spacing between gear teeth is conformal, and the gears don't "jump" from one tooth to the next) and pressure angle. The pressure angle (usually the standards, except for plastic gears: 14.5 deg, 20 deg, or sometimes 25 deg) Hmm ... I did not know about 25 degrees. New information for me. should be the same for both gears to get uniform velocities and to minimize sliding. Lower angles run quieter; higher angles are stronger. Hmm ... don't they (the higher angles) put more lateral stress on the bearings in which the gears are running? The 14.5 deg angle is becoming less common on commercial gear applications today. I think that is what my 12x24" Clausing lathe has -- 16 DP 14.5 PA. These are just the tip of the iceberg in gear dimensions but they should be all you need for an ordinary application. Oh -- you'll want to know the pitch circle to get proper axial spacing, too. Yep. Enjoy, DoN. -- Email: | Voice (all times): (703) 938-4564 (too) near Washington D.C. | http://www.d-and-d.com/dnichols/DoN.html --- Black Holes are where God is dividing by zero --- |
Gear Compatibility
On 2009-03-03, Jim Wilkins wrote:
On Mar 3, 1:02*am, "Ed Huntress" wrote: [ ... ] Right. You can derive some gear dimensions from others, but the ones that should be the same on matching gears, to keep it simple, are diametral pitch (so the spacing between gear teeth is conformal, and the gears don't "jump" from one tooth to the next) and pressure angle. The pressure angle (usually the standards, except for plastic gears: 14.5 deg, 20 deg, or sometimes 25 deg) should be the same for both gears to get uniform velocities and to minimize sliding. -- Ed Huntress DP and PA are hard to measure when buying surplus . There are portable gauges which are useful for the DP for standard sizes at least. A round piece of either sheet metal or Bakelite, usually with a hole to hang from a key chain. I have one. It is not small enough for instrument gears, but reasonable for machine tool gears. For inch gears the diametral pitch should equal (number of teeth + 2) / (measured outside diameter) rounded to the nearest whole number. An example from my lathe is (80 + 2) / 5.110 = 16.047. That's a 16 DP, 80 tooth gear I bought to replace the broken idler. The nominal outside diameter is ( 80 + 2) / 16 = 5.125". The gauge is quicker -- even if you have a good calculator with you, since you don't have to do a precise tooth count first. :-) You can measure PA with a protractor on large gears probably close enough to tell 14.5 from 20. I measured ~42 degrees between the inner flanks of adjacent teeth on the tractor steering sector and assumed 20PA: A rack gear is pretty much a trapezoidal tooth shape and easy to measure if it is large enough -- or if you have an optical comparator. The complex shapes come from making gears of differing tooth counts which will smoothly roll in mesh with the rack gear -- and thus with all others of the same DP and PA. http://picasaweb.google.com/KB1DAL/H...10360947850418 I initially mismeasured the sector angle and almost ordered an expensive 72 tooth gear. After making a centering plug that fit the hub I discovered that it was really 68 teeth, not a standard size for 20PA, and had to make one. 14.5 PA lathe change gears are available with almost any number of teeth, but wouldn't mesh properly with the steering shaft pinion. Of course. :-) Enjoy, DoN. -- Email: | Voice (all times): (703) 938-4564 (too) near Washington D.C. | http://www.d-and-d.com/dnichols/DoN.html --- Black Holes are where God is dividing by zero --- |
Gear Compatibility
"DoN. Nichols" wrote in message ... On 2009-03-03, Ed Huntress wrote: "DoN. Nichols" wrote in message ... On 2009-03-02, Robert Swinney wrote: wrote in message ... What "parameter" describes whether two unknown gears from the surplus bucket will work together? Is there a number that describes how the teeth mesh? I've googled "pitch circle", etc but I seem to have a mental vapour lock. The term is Diametral Pitch. Spelled "Diametrical Pitch" if you're going to use it in search engines. (They can be picky. :-) I think the common term is diametral pitch, Don. You're right! I've been reading it as "diametrical pitch" all this time -- given the derivation of the term. ================================================== ==================== diametral pitch The number of teeth given per inch of a gear's pitch diameter. Diametral pitch is the most common method of classifying gears. ================================================== ==================== I wonder how that spelling became the standard? And why? 'Dunno, but it was spelled that way in the 1909 edition of the _American Machinist's Handbook_. And my spelling checker complains about it when I use the correct term. :-) And "Pressure Angle" comes into it as well. Typically either 14 degrees or 20 degrees for inch dimensioned gears. Right. You can derive some gear dimensions from others, but the ones that should be the same on matching gears, to keep it simple, are diametral pitch (so the spacing between gear teeth is conformal, and the gears don't "jump" from one tooth to the next) and pressure angle. The pressure angle (usually the standards, except for plastic gears: 14.5 deg, 20 deg, or sometimes 25 deg) Hmm ... I did not know about 25 degrees. New information for me. should be the same for both gears to get uniform velocities and to minimize sliding. Lower angles run quieter; higher angles are stronger. Hmm ... don't they (the higher angles) put more lateral stress on the bearings in which the gears are running? I suppose so. But the bases of the teeth are broader, so the teeth are stronger. The trend is toward higher pressure angles except for timing gears, like lathe change gears, where the loads are relatively light. Plastic gears are another story; the high-performance ones are often non-standard in every way, with stub teeth and high pressure angles. They can do anything they want when they inject-mold the gears in wirecut-EDMed cavities. The 14.5 deg angle is becoming less common on commercial gear applications today. I think that is what my 12x24" Clausing lathe has -- 16 DP 14.5 PA. These are just the tip of the iceberg in gear dimensions but they should be all you need for an ordinary application. Oh -- you'll want to know the pitch circle to get proper axial spacing, too. Yep. Enjoy, DoN. -- Email: | Voice (all times): (703) 938-4564 (too) near Washington D.C. | http://www.d-and-d.com/dnichols/DoN.html --- Black Holes are where God is dividing by zero --- |
Gear Compatibility
"Ed Huntress" wrote in message ... "DoN. Nichols" wrote in message ... On 2009-03-03, Ed Huntress wrote: "DoN. Nichols" wrote in message ... On 2009-03-02, Robert Swinney wrote: wrote in message ... What "parameter" describes whether two unknown gears from the surplus bucket will work together? Is there a number that describes how the teeth mesh? I've googled "pitch circle", etc but I seem to have a mental vapour lock. The term is Diametral Pitch. Spelled "Diametrical Pitch" if you're going to use it in search engines. (They can be picky. :-) I think the common term is diametral pitch, Don. You're right! I've been reading it as "diametrical pitch" all this time -- given the derivation of the term. ================================================== ==================== diametral pitch The number of teeth given per inch of a gear's pitch diameter. Diametral pitch is the most common method of classifying gears. ================================================== ==================== I wonder how that spelling became the standard? And why? 'Dunno, but it was spelled that way in the 1909 edition of the _American Machinist's Handbook_. And my spelling checker complains about it when I use the correct term. :-) And "Pressure Angle" comes into it as well. Typically either 14 degrees or 20 degrees for inch dimensioned gears. Right. You can derive some gear dimensions from others, but the ones that should be the same on matching gears, to keep it simple, are diametral pitch (so the spacing between gear teeth is conformal, and the gears don't "jump" from one tooth to the next) and pressure angle. The pressure angle (usually the standards, except for plastic gears: 14.5 deg, 20 deg, or sometimes 25 deg) Hmm ... I did not know about 25 degrees. New information for me. should be the same for both gears to get uniform velocities and to minimize sliding. Lower angles run quieter; higher angles are stronger. Hmm ... don't they (the higher angles) put more lateral stress on the bearings in which the gears are running? I suppose so. But the bases of the teeth are broader, so the teeth are stronger. The trend is toward higher pressure angles except for timing gears, like lathe change gears, where the loads are relatively light. Plastic gears are another story; the high-performance ones are often non-standard in every way, with stub teeth and high pressure angles. They can do anything they want when they inject-mold the gears in wirecut-EDMed cavities. The 14.5 deg angle is becoming less common on commercial gear applications today. I think that is what my 12x24" Clausing lathe has -- 16 DP 14.5 PA. These are just the tip of the iceberg in gear dimensions but they should be all you need for an ordinary application. Oh -- you'll want to know the pitch circle to get proper axial spacing, too. Yep. Enjoy, DoN. -- Email: | Voice (all times): (703) 938-4564 (too) near Washington D.C. | http://www.d-and-d.com/dnichols/DoN.html --- Black Holes are where God is dividing by zero --- I have found that many gears found in high volume applications are neither standard DP nor pressure angle. I have also noticed that what seems like a majority of the hobs and a lot of the milling cutters offered for sale are non-standard as well. Automotive gears seem to always be specialized. Don Young |
Gear Compatibility
DoN. Nichols wrote:
On 2009-03-03, Ed Huntress wrote: "DoN. Nichols" wrote in message ... On 2009-03-02, Robert Swinney wrote: wrote in message ... What "parameter" describes whether two unknown gears from the surplus bucket will work together? Is there a number that describes how the teeth mesh? I've googled "pitch circle", etc but I seem to have a mental vapour lock. The term is Diametral Pitch. Spelled "Diametrical Pitch" if you're going to use it in search engines. (They can be picky. :-) I think the common term is diametral pitch, Don. You're right! I've been reading it as "diametrical pitch" all this time -- given the derivation of the term. ================================================== ==================== diametral pitch The number of teeth given per inch of a gear's pitch diameter. Diametral pitch is the most common method of classifying gears. ================================================== ==================== I wonder how that spelling became the standard? And why? And my spelling checker complains about it when I use the correct term. :-) And "Pressure Angle" comes into it as well. Typically either 14 degrees or 20 degrees for inch dimensioned gears. Right. You can derive some gear dimensions from others, but the ones that should be the same on matching gears, to keep it simple, are diametral pitch (so the spacing between gear teeth is conformal, and the gears don't "jump" from one tooth to the next) and pressure angle. The pressure angle (usually the standards, except for plastic gears: 14.5 deg, 20 deg, or sometimes 25 deg) Hmm ... I did not know about 25 degrees. New information for me. should be the same for both gears to get uniform velocities and to minimize sliding. Lower angles run quieter; higher angles are stronger. Hmm ... don't they (the higher angles) put more lateral stress on the bearings in which the gears are running? The 14.5 deg angle is becoming less common on commercial gear applications today. I think that is what my 12x24" Clausing lathe has -- 16 DP 14.5 PA. These are just the tip of the iceberg in gear dimensions but they should be all you need for an ordinary application. Oh -- you'll want to know the pitch circle to get proper axial spacing, too. Yep. Enjoy, DoN. The 14° P.A. is more tolerant of sloppy gear center spacing--hence it's use on change gears on lathes |
Gear Compatibility
What I've read is that 14.5 PA was easy for the foundry pattern maker
because the sine of 14.5 is 1/4. 20 PA came from early automotive transmission designers who first ran tests to prove that the extra lateral bearing pressure wasn't a problem. The first gear cutting bit I made was for a broach to fit a pulley to a hydraulic pump drive shaft. It's a 30 degree ANSI involute spline: http://bbs.homeshopmachinist.net/showthread.php?t=26868 Jim Wilkins |
Gear Compatibility
On Mar 3, 8:05*pm, "DoN. Nichols" wrote:
On 2009-03-03, Jim Wilkins wrote: [... measuring surplus gears] * * * * There are portable gauges which are useful for the DP for standard sizes at least. *A round piece of either sheet metal or Bakelite, usually with a hole to hang from a key chain. *I have one. *It is not small enough for instrument gears, but reasonable for machine tool gears. ... * * * * The gauge is quicker -- even if you have a good calculator with you, since you don't have to do a precise tooth count first. :-) This freebie plastic one from Union Gear & Sprocket runs from 4 to 16 DP, no PA shown. It was given to me and I don't know where to find another one. They don't seem to have a working website. I look for simple ways to identify stuff I wasn't expecting to find when all I have is the tools in the car, 4" dial calipers, a tape measure, a magnet and a 50 Lb fishing scale. They fit in a coat pocket and are cheap enough to risk losing. On treasure hunts I bring a Morse 1 - 2 sleeve to identify MT1, MT2 and B&S7 tapers. You can check if two tapers are identical by holding them together, facing opposite directions, and measuring across both ends. If you expect to break a gear, here's a gauge: http://www.fvfowler.com/pdf/2304/2304_498.pdf Personally I plan to keep them greased and NOT need it. Jim Wilkins |
Gear Compatibility
On 4 Mar 2009 01:05:41 GMT, "DoN. Nichols"
wrote: snip There are portable gauges which are useful for the DP for standard sizes at least. snip see http://www.rushgears.com/Tech_Tools/...FQKbnAod8ULFmg http://bostongear.com/literature/index.asp http://www.bostongear.com/pdf/upload...G_pg050(1).pdf Unka' George [George McDuffee] ------------------------------------------- He that will not apply new remedies, must expect new evils: for Time is the greatest innovator: and if Time, of course, alter things to the worse, and wisdom and counsel shall not alter them to the better, what shall be the end? Francis Bacon (1561-1626), English philosopher, essayist, statesman. Essays, "Of Innovations" (1597-1625). |
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